1. Sound fields
1.1 Introduction
1.2 Rooms
1.2.1 Sound in air
1.2.1.1 Complex notation
1.2.1.2 Plane waves
1.2.1.3 Spherical waves
1.2.1.4 Acoustic surface impedance and admittance
1.2.1.5 Decibels and reference quantities
1.2.1.6 A-weighting
1.2.2 Impulse response
1.2.3 Diffuse field
1.2.3.1 Mean free path
1.2.4 Image sources
1.2.4.1 Temporal density of reflections
1.2.5 Local modes
1.2.5.1 Modal density
1.2.5.2 Mode count
1.2.5.3 Mode spacing
1.2.5.4 Equivalent angles
1.2.5.5 Irregularly shaped rooms and scattering objects
1.2.6 Damping
1.2.6.1 Reflection and absorption coefficients
1.2.6.2 Absorption area
1.2.6.3 Reverberation time
1.2.6.3.1 Diffuse field
1.2.6.3.2 Non-diffuse field: normal mode theory
1.2.6.3.3 Non-diffuse field: non-uniform distribution of absorption
1.2.6.4 Internal loss factor
1.2.6.5 Coupling loss factor
1.2.6.6 Total loss factor
1.2.6.7 Modal overlap factor
1.2.7 Spatial variation in sound pressure levels
1.2.7.1 Sound fields near room boundaries
1.2.7.1.1 Perfectly reflecting rigid boundaries
1.2.7.1.2 Other boundary conditions
1.2.7.2 Sound field associated with a single mode
1.2.7.3 Excitation of room modes
1.2.7.4 Diffuse and reverberant fields
1.2.7.5 Energy density
1.2.7.5.1 Diffuse field
1.2.7.5.2 Reverberant sound fields with non-exponential decays
1.2.7.6 Direct sound field
1.2.7.7 Decrease in sound pressure level with distance
1.2.7.8 Sound fields in frequency bands
1.2.7.8.1 Below the lowest mode frequency
1.2.7.8.2 Reverberant field: below the Schroeder cut-off frequency
1.2.7.8.3 Reverberant field: at and above the Schroeder cut-off frequency
1.2.7.9 Statistical description of the spatial variation
1.2.8 Energy
1.2.8.1 Energy density near room boundaries: Waterhouse correction
1.3 Cavities
1.3.1 Sound in gases
1.3.2 Sound in porous materials
1.3.2.1 Characterizing porous materials
1.3.2.1.1 Porosity
1.3.2.1.2 Airflow resistance
1.3.2.1.3 Fibrous materials
1.3.2.2 Propagation theory for an equivalent gas
1.3.3 Local modes
1.3.3.1 Modal density
1.3.3.2 Equivalent angles
1.3.4 Diffuse field
1.3.4.1 Mean free path
1.3.5 Damping
1.3.5.1 Reverberation time
1.3.5.2 Internal losses
1.3.5.2.1 Sound absorption coefficient: Locally reacting porous materials
1.3.5.3 Coupling losses
1.3.5.4 Total loss factor
1.3.5.5 Modal overlap factor
1.3.6 Energy
1.4 External sound fields near building façades
1.4.1 Point sources and semi-infinite façades
1.4.1.1 Effect of finite reflector size on sound pressure levels near the façade
1.4.1.2 Spatial variation of the surface sound pressure level
1.4.2 Line sources
2. Vibration fields
2.1 Introduction
2.2 Vibration
2.2.1 Decibels and reference quantities
2.3 Wave types
2.3.1 Quasi-longitudinal waves
2.3.1.1 Thick plate theory
2.3.2 Transverse waves
2.3.2.1 Beams: torsional waves
2.3.2.2 Plates: transverse shear waves
2.3.3 Bending waves
2.3.3.1 Thick beam/plate theory
2.3.3.2 Orthotropic plates
2.3.3.2.1 Profiled plates
2.3.3.2.2 Corrugated plates
2.3.3.2.3 Ribbed plates
2.4 Diffuse field
2.4.1 Mean free path
2.5 Local modes
2.5.1 Beams
2.5.1.1 Bending waves
2.5.1.2 Torsional waves
2.5.1.3 Quasi-longitudinal waves
2.5.1.4 Modal density
2.5.2 Plates
2.5.2.1 Bending waves
2.5.2.2 Transverse shear waves
2.5.2.3 Quasi-longitudinal waves
2.5.2.4 Modal density
2.5.3 Equivalent angles
2.6 Damping
2.6.1 Structural reverberation time
2.6.2 Absorption length
2.6.3 Internal loss factor
2.6.4 Coupling loss factor
2.6.5 Total loss factor
2.6.6 Modal overlap factor
2.7 Spatial variation in vibration level: bending waves on plates
2.7.1 Vibration field associated with a single mode
2.7.2 Nearfields near the plate boundaries
2.7.3 Diffuse and reverberant fields
2.7.4 Reverberant field
2.7.5 Direct vibration field
2.7.6 Statistical description of the spatial variation
2.7.7 Decrease in vibration level with distance
2.8 Driving-point impedance and mobility
2.8.1 Finite plates (uncoupled): Excitation of local modes
2.8.2 Finite plates (coupled): Excitation of global modes
2.8.3 Infinite beams and plates
2.8.3.1 Excitation in the central part
2.8.3.2 Excitation at the edge
2.8.3.3 Finite beams and plates with more complex cross-sections
2.9 Sound radiation from bending waves on plates
2.9.1 Critical frequency
2.9.2 Infinite plate theory
2.9.3 Finite plate theory: Radiation from individual bending modes
2.9.4 Finite plate theory: Frequency-average radiation efficiency
2.9.4.1 Method No. 1
2.9.4.2 Method No. 2
2.9.4.3 Method No. 3 (masonry/concrete plates)
2.9.4.4 Method No. 4 (masonry/concrete plates)
2.9.4.5 Plates connected to a frame
2.9.5 Radiation into a porous material
2.9.6 Radiation into the soil
2.9.7 Nearfield radiation from point excitation
2.10 Energy
3. Measurement
3.1 Introduction
3.2 Transducers
3.2.1 Microphones
3.2.2 Accelerometers
3.2.2.1 Mounting 223
3.2.2.2 Mass loading
3.3 Signal processing
3.3.1 Signals
3.3.2 Filters
3.3.2.1 Bandwidth
3.3.2.2 Response time
3.3.3 Detector
3.3.3.1 Temporal averaging
3.3.3.2 Statistical description of the temporal variation
3.4 Spatial averaging
3.4.1 Spatial sampling of sound fields
3.4.1.1 Stationary microphone positions
3.4.1.2 Continuously moving microphones
3.4.2 Measurement uncertainty
3.5 Airborne sound insulation
3.5.1 Laboratory measurements
3.5.1.1 Sound intensity
3.5.1.1.1 Low-frequency range
3.5.1.2 Improvement of airborne sound insulation due to wall linings, floor coverings, and ceilings
3.5.1.2.1 Airborne excitation
3.5.1.2.2 Mechanical excitation
3.5.1.3 Transmission suites
3.5.1.3.1 Suppressed flanking transmission
3.5.1.3.2 Total loss factor
3.5.1.3.3 Niche effect
3.5.2 Field measurements within buildings
3.5.2.1 Reverberation time
3.5.2.2 Sound intensity
3.5.3 Field measurements of building façades
3.5.3.1 Sound insulation of building elements
3.5.3.1.1 Loudspeaker method
3.5.3.1.2 Sound intensity
3.5.3.1.3 Road traffic method
3.5.3.1.4 Aircraft and railway noise
3.5.3.2 Sound insulation of façades
3.5.4 Other measurement issues
3.5.4.1 Background noise correction
3.5.4.2 Converting to octave-bands
3.5.4.3 Comparing the airborne sound insulation measured using sound pressure and sound intensity
3.5.4.4 Variation in the sound insulation of an element due to moisture content and drying time
3.5.4.5 Identifying sound leaks and airpaths
3.6 Impact sound insulation (floors and stairs)
3.6.1 Laboratory measurements
3.6.1.1 Improvement of impact sound insulation due to floor coverings
3.6.1.1.1 Heavyweight base floor (ISO)
3.6.1.1.2 Lightweight base floors (ISO)
3.6.2 Field measurements
3.6.3 ISO tapping machine
3.6.3.1 Force
3.6.3.2 Power input
3.6.3.3 Issues arising from the effect of the ISO tapping machine hammers
3.6.3.4 Modifying the ISO tapping machine
3.6.3.5 Rating systems for impact sound insulation
3.6.3.6 Concluding discussion
3.6.4 Heavy impact sources
3.6.5 Other measurement issues
3.6.5.1 Background noise correction
3.6.5.2 Converting to octave-bands
3.6.5.3 Time dependency
3.6.5.4 Dust, dirt, and drying time
3.6.5.5 Size of test specimen
3.6.5.6 Static load
3.6.5.7 Excitation positions
3.7 Rain noise
3.7.1 Power input
3.7.2 Radiated sound
3.7.3 Other measurement issues
3.8 Reverberation time
3.8.1 Interrupted noise method
3.8.2 Integrated impulse response method
3.8.3 Influence of the signal processing on the decay curve
3.8.3.1 Effect of the detector
3.8.3.2 Effect of the filters
3.8.3.2.1 Forward-filter analysis
3.8.3.2.2 Reverse-filter analysis
3.8.4 Evaluation of the decay curve
3.8.5 Statistical variation of reverberation times in rooms
3.9 Maximum Length Sequence (MLS) measurements
3.9.1 Overview
3.9.2 Limitations
3.9.2.1 Temperature
3.9.2.2 Air movement
3.9.2.3 Moving microphones
3.10 Sound intensity
3.10.1 p–p sound intensity probe
3.10.1.1 Sound power measurement
3.10.1.1.1 Measurement surfaces
3.10.1.1.2 Discrete point and scanning measurements
3.10.1.2 Error analysis
3.11 Properties of materials and building elements
3.11.1 Airflow resistance
3.11.2 Sound absorption
3.11.2.1 Standing wave tube
3.11.2.2 Reverberation room
3.11.3 Dynamic stiffness
3.11.3.1 Resilient materials used under floating floors
3.11.3.1.1 Measurement
3.11.3.1.2 Calculation of dynamic stiffness
3.11.3.2 Wall ties
3.11.3.2.1 Measurement
3.11.3.2.2 Calculation of dynamic stiffness
3.11.3.3 Structural reverberation time
3.11.3.4 Internal loss factor
3.11.3.5 Quasi-longitudinal phase velocity
3.11.3.6 Bending phase velocity
3.11.3.7 Bending stiffness
3.11.3.8 Driving-point mobility
3.11.3.9 Radiation efficiency
3.12 Flanking transmission
3.12.1 Flanking laboratories
3.12.1.1 Suspended ceilings and access floors
3.12.1.2 Other flanking constructions and test junctions
3.12.2 Ranking the sound power radiated from different surfaces
3.12.2.1 Vibration measurements
3.12.2.2 Sound intensity
3.12.3 Vibration transmission
3.12.3.1 Structural intensity
3.12.3.1.1 a–a structural intensity probe
3.12.3.1.2 Structural power measurement
3.12.3.1.3 Error analysis
3.12.3.1.4 Visualizing net energy flow
3.12.3.1.5 Identifying construction defects
3.12.3.2 Velocity level difference
3.12.3.2.1 Stationary excitation signal and fixed power input
3.12.3.2.2 Impulse excitation
3.12.3.2.3 Excitation and accelerometer positions
3.12.3.3 Coupling Loss Factor, ηij
3.12.3.4 Vibration Reduction Index, Kij
4. Direct sound transmission
4.1 Introduction
4.2 Statistical energy analysis
4.2.1 Subsystem definition
4.2.2 Subsystem response
4.2.3 General matrix solution
4.2.4 Converting energy to sound pressures and velocities
4.2.5 Path analysis
4.3 Airborne sound insulation
4.3.1 Solid homogeneous isotropic plates
4.3.1.1 Resonant transmission
4.3.1.2 Non-resonant transmission (mass law)
4.3.1.2.1 Infinite plate theory
4.3.1.2.2 Finite plate theory
4.3.1.3 Examples
4.3.1.3.1 Glass
4.3.1.3.2 Plasterboard
4.3.1.3.3 Masonry wall (A)
4.3.1.3.4 Masonry wall (B)
4.3.1.3.5 Masonry wall (C)
4.3.1.4 Thin/thick plates and thickness resonances
4.3.1.5 Infinite plates
4.3.1.6 Closely connected plates
4.3.2 Orthotropic plates
4.3.2.1 Infinite plate theory
4.3.2.2 Masonry/concrete plates
4.3.2.3 Masonry/concrete plates containing hollows
4.3.2.4 Profiled plates
4.3.3 Low-frequency range
4.3.4 Membranes
4.3.5 Plate–cavity–plate systems
4.3.5.1 Mass–spring–mass resonance
4.3.5.1.1 Helmholtz resonators
4.3.5.2 Using the five-subsystem SEA model
4.3.5.2.1 Windows: secondary glazing
4.3.5.2.2 Masonry cavity wall
4.3.5.2.3 Timber joist floor
4.3.5.3 Sound transmission into and out of cavities
4.3.5.4 Structural coupling
4.3.5.4.1 Point connections between plates and/or beams
4.3.5.4.2 Line connections
4.3.5.4.3 Masonry/concrete walls: foundations
4.3.5.4.4 Lightweight cavity walls
4.3.5.5 Plate–cavity–plate–cavity–plate systems
4.3.6 Sandwich panels
4.3.7 Composite sound reduction index for several elements
4.3.8 Surface finishes and linings
4.3.8.1 Bonded surface finishes
4.3.8.2 Linings
4.3.9 Porous materials (non-resonant transmission)
4.3.9.1 Fibrous sheet materials
4.3.9.2 Porous plates
4.3.9.3 Coupling loss factor
4.3.10 Air paths through gaps, holes, and slits (non-resonant transmission)
4.3.10.1 Slit-shaped apertures (straight-edged)
4.3.10.2 Circular aperture
4.3.10.3 More complex air paths
4.3.10.4 Using the transmission coefficients
4.3.11 Ventilators andHVAC
4.3.12 Windows
4.3.12.1 Single pane
4.3.12.2 Laminated glass
4.3.12.3 Insulating glass unit (IGU)
4.3.12.4 Secondary/multiple glazing
4.3.13 Doors
4.3.14 Empirical mass laws
4.4 Impact sound insulation
4.4.1 Heavyweight base floors
4.4.2 Lightweight base floors
4.4.3 Soft floor coverings
4.4.3.1 Heavyweight base floors
4.4.3.2 Lightweight base floors
4.4.4 Floating floors
4.4.4.1 Heavyweight base floors
4.4.4.1.1 Resilient material as point connections
4.4.4.1.2 Resilient material over entire surface
4.4.4.1.3 Resilient material along lines
4.4.4.2 Lightweight base floors
4.5 Rain noise
5. Combining direct and flanking transmission
5.1 Introduction
5.2 Vibration transmission across plate junctions
5.2.1 Wave approach: bending waves only
5.2.1.1 Angular averaging
5.2.1.2 Angles of incidence and transmission
5.2.1.3 Rigid X, T, L, and in-line junctions
5.2.1.3.1 Junctions of beams
5.2.2 Wave approach: bending and in-plane waves
5.2.2.1 Bending waves
5.2.2.1.1 Incident bending wave at the junction
5.2.2.1.2 Transmitted bending wave at the junction
5.2.2.2 In-plane waves
5.2.2.2.1 Incident quasi-longitudinal wave at the junction
5.2.2.2.2 Incident transverse shear wave at the junction
5.2.2.2.3 Transmitted in-plane waves at the junction
5.2.2.2.4 Conditions at the junction beam
5.2.2.2.5 Transmission coefficients
5.2.2.2.6 Application to SEA models
5.2.2.3 Example: Comparison of wave approaches
5.2.2.4 Other plate junctions modelled using a wave approach
5.2.2.4.1 Junctions of angled plates
5.2.2.4.2 Resilient junctions
5.2.2.4.3 Junctions at beams/columns
5.2.2.4.4 Hinged junctions
5.2.3 Finite element method
5.2.3.1 Introducing uncertainty
5.2.3.2 Example: Comparison ofFEMwith measurements
5.2.3.3 Example: Comparison ofFEMwith SEA (wave approaches) for isolated junctions
5.2.3.4 Example: Statistical distributions of coupling parameters
5.2.3.5 Example: Walls with openings (e.g. windows, doors)
5.2.3.6 Example: Using FEM, ESEA, and SEA with combinations of junctions
5.2.4 Foundation coupling (Wave approach: bending waves only)
5.3 Statistical energy analysis
5.3.1 Inclusion of measured data
5.3.1.1 Airborne sound insulation
5.3.1.1.1 Example
5.3.1.2 Coupling loss factors
5.3.1.3 Total loss factors
5.3.2 Models for direct and flanking transmission
5.3.2.1 Example: SEA model of adjacent rooms
5.3.2.2 Example: Comparison of SEA with measurements
5.4 SEA-based model
5.4.1 Airborne sound insulation
5.4.1.1 Generalizing the model for in situ
5.4.2 Impact sound insulation
5.4.3 Application
5.4.4 Example: Flanking transmission past non-homogeneous separating walls or floor
Appendix: Material properties
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